Grandmothers Behind the Scenes
Subordinate Integration, Care Work, and Power in Syrian Canadian Refugee Resettlement
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40937Keywords:
elder refugees, aging, subordinate integration, women, claims-making, matteringAbstract
Research and policy concerning the Syrian Canadian diaspora has not prioritized elders. This article adds to scholarship about the well-being of newcomers admitted via the Syrian Refugee Resettlement Initiative through a focus on grandmothers resettled within their multigenerational families. Using interviews and qualitative field research, we show how the authority and status these elder women once held in Syria may be undermined by their comparatively subordinate integration in Canada. Although new, post-migration configurations of power, care work, and community may present some opportunities, the burdens and dependencies of subordinate integration mostly constrain these elders from reclaiming their authority and status.
Metrics
References
Abrego, L. (2014). Sacrificing families: Navigating laws, labor, and love across borders. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804790574
Aubel, J. (2021). Grandmothers—A neglected family resource for saving newborn lives. BMJ Global Health, 6(2), Article e003808. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003808
Bakardjieva, M. (2020). “Say it loud, say it clear …”: Concerting solidarity in the Canadian refugees welcome movement (2015–2016). Canadian Review of Sociology / Revue Canadienne de Sociologie, 57(4), 632–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12305
Baldassar, L. (2007). Transnational families and aged care: The mobility of care and the migrancy of ageing. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33(2), 275–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830601154252
Baldassar, L., & Merla, L., Eds. (2013) Transnational families, migration, and the circulation of care: Understanding mobility and absence in family life. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203077535
Barakat, H. (1993). The Arab world: Society, culture, and state. University of California Press. https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520084278/the-arab-world
Bélanger, D., & Candiz, G. (2020). The politics of “waiting” for care: Immigration policy and family reunification in Canada. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(16), 3472–3490. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1592399
Biles, J., Burstein M., & Frideres, J. (2008). Canadian society: Building inclusive communities. In J. Biles, M. Burstein, & J. Frideres (Eds.), Immigration and integration in Canada in the twenty-first century (pp. 269–278). McGill-Queen’s University Press. https://www.mqup.ca/immigration-and-integration-in-canada-in-the-twenty-first-century-products-9781553392170.php
Bloemraad, I., & Menjívar, C. (2021). Precarious times, professional tensions: The ethics of migration research and the drive for scientific accountability. International Migration Review, 56(1), 4–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183211014455
Boutmira, S. (2021). Older Syrian refugees’ experiences of language barriers in postmigration and (re)settlement context in Canada. International Health Trends and Perspectives, 1(3), 404–417. https://doi.org/10.32920/ihtp.v1i3.1483
Bragg, B., & Wong, W. (2016). “Cancelled dreams”: Family reunification and shifting Canadian immigration policy. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 14(1), 46–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2015.1011364
Brandhorst, R., Baldassar, L., & Wilding, R. (2020). Introduction to the special issue: Transnational family care “on hold”? Intergenerational relationships and obligations in the context of immobility regimes. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 18(3), 261–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15350770.2020.1787035
Burawoy, M. (1998). The extended case method. Sociological Theory, 16(1), 4–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-2751.00040
Cranford, C. J. (2020). Home care fault lines: Understanding tensions and creating alliances. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501749285
Deneva, N. (2012). Transnational aging carers: On transformation of kinship and citizenship in the context of migration among Bulgarian Muslims in Spain. Social Politics, 19(1), 105–128. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxr027
Elliott, G., Kao, S., & Grant, A. M. (2004). Mattering: Empirical validation of a social-psychological concept. Self and Identity, 3(4), 339–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000119
Fan, Y-K., & Parreñas, R. S. (2018). Who cares for the children and the elderly? Gender and transnational families. In V. Ducu, M. Nedelcu, & A. Telegdi-Csetri (Eds.), Childhood and parenting in transnational settings (pp. 83–99). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90942-4_6
Fitzgerald, D. (2006). Towards a theoretical ethnography of migration. Qualitative Sociology, 29, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-005-9005-6
Fukui, H. M., & Menjívar, C. (2015). Bound by inequality: The social capital of older Asians and Latinos in Phoenix, Arizona. Ethnography, 16(4), 416–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138114565550
Hamilton, L. K., Veronis, L., & Walton-Roberts, M. (Eds.). (2020). A national project: Syrian refugee resettlement in Canada. McGill-Queen’s University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv176ktst
Harb, S. G. (2010). Gender politics, women's rights and international norms in Lebanon. (Publication No. 3420034) [Doctoral dissertation, Florida International University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/dissertations/AAI3420034
Herlofson, K., & Hagestad, G. (2012). Transformations in the role of grandparents across welfare states. In S. Arber & V. Timonen (Eds.), Contemporary grandparenting: Changing family relationships in global contexts (pp. 27–50). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qgrr8
Hynie, M. (2018). Canada’s Syrian refugee program, intergroup relationships and identities. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 50(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2018.0012
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2016, March 31). Transportation loans. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/service-delivery/immigration-loans-program/procedures-transportation.html
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2019a, June). Resettlement assistance program. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/service-delivery/resettlement-assistance-program.html
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2019b, June). Syrian outcomes report. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/documents/pdf/english/corporate/reports-statistics/evaluations/syria-outcomes-report-may-2019.pdf
Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2022). Monthly IRCC updates—Admissions of Syrian refugees under Canada’s Syrian refugee resettlement commitment by province/territory of intended destination, gender, age group, and immigration category. https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/01c85d28-2a81-4295-9c06-4af792a7c209
Johnson, P. (2018). War, violence, refugees, and Arab families. In S. Joseph (Ed.), Arab family studies: Critical reviews (pp. 467–481). Syracuse University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1pk860c.32
Joseph, S. (1996). Patriarchy and development in the Arab world. Gender & Development, 4(2), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/741922010
Joseph, S. (Ed.). (1999). Intimate selving in Arab families: Gender, self, and identity. Syracuse University Press. https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/1352/intimate-selving-in-arab-families/
Joseph, S. (2000). Civic myths, citizenship and gender in Lebanon. In S. Joseph (Ed.), Gender and citizenship in the Middle East (pp. 107–136). Syracuse University Press.
Joseph, S. (2012). Thinking intentionality: Arab women’s subjectivity and its discontents. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, 8(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.8.2.1
Kanaaneh, R. (1995). We’ll talk later. Cultural Anthropology, 10(1), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1525/can.1995.10.1.02a00070
King, R., Cela, E., Fokkema, T., & Vullnetari, J. (2014). The migration and well‐being of the zero generation: Transgenerational care, grandparenting, and loneliness amongst Albanian older people. Population, Space and Place, 20(8), 728–738. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1895
Kyriakides, C., Bajjali, L., McLuhan, A., & Anderson, K. (2018). Beyond refuge: Contested orientalism and persons of self-rescue. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 50(2), 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2018.0015
Mathieu, S. (2019). La transformation de l'offre de services de garde au Québec: une brèche dans la collectivisation du travail de reproduction sociale? Canadian Review of Sociology / Revue canadienne de sociologie, 56(2), 204–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12243
Merla, L. (2012). Salvadoran migrants in Australia: An analysis of transnational families’ capability to care across borders. International Migration, 53(6), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12024
Milan, A., Laflamme, N., & Wong, I. (2015, April 14). Diversity of grandparents living with their grandchildren. Statistics Canada (Catalogue no. 75-006-X, no. 2015001). https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2015001/article/14154-eng.htm
Nedelcu, M., & Wyss, M. (2020). Transnational grandparenting: An introduction. Global Networks, 20(2), 292–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12249
Neysmith, S. M., & Zhou, Y. R. (2013). Mapping another dimension of a feminist ethics of care: Family-based transnational care. IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, 6(2), 141–159. https://doi.org/10.3138/ijfab.6.2.141
Oudshoorn, A., Benbow, S., & Meyer, M. (2020). Resettlement of Syrian refugees in Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 21(3), 893–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-019-00695-8
Parreñas, R. (2015). Servants of globalization: Migration and domestic work (2nd ed.). Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804796187
Rabiah-Mohammed, F., Hamilton, L. K., Oudshoorn, A., Bakhash, M., Tarraf, R., Arnout, E., Brown, C., Benbow S., Elnihum S., El Hazzouri M., Esses V. M., & Theriault, L. (2022). Syrian refugees’ experiences of the pandemic in Canada: Barriers to integration and just solutions. Studies in Social Justice, 16(1), 9–32. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v16i1.2669
Rosenberg, M., & McCullough, B. C. (1981). Mattering: Inferred significance and mental health among adolescents. Research in Community & Mental Health, 2, 163–182. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1983-07744-001
Small, M. L. (2009). “How many cases do I need?” On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research. Ethnography, 10(1), 5–38 https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138108099586
Taha, D. M. (2020). “Like a tree without leaves”: Syrian refugee women and the shifting meaning of marriage. Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East and North African Migration Studies, 7(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.24847/77i2020.245
Tyyskä, V. (2015). Sri Lankan Tamil families in Canada: Problems, resiliency, and intergenerational solidarity. Family Science Review, 20(2), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.26536/FSR.2015.20.02.03
Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Alowidy, D. (2019). Hanin: Nostalgia among Syrian refugees. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(7), 1368–1384. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2590
Wyss, M., & Nedelcu, M. (2020). Grandparents on the move: A multilevel framework analysis to understand diversity in zero‐generation care arrangements in Switzerland. Global Networks, 20(2), 343–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12250
Yarris, K. E. (2014). “Pensando mucho” (“thinking too much”): Embodied distress among grandmothers in Nicaraguan transnational families. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 38(3), 473–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-014-9381-z
Young, W. C., & Shami, S. (1997). Anthropological approaches to the Arab family: An introduction. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 28(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.28.2.1
Zhou, Y. R. (2018). Transnational grandparenting: The intersection of transnationalism and translocality. In V. Timonen (Ed.), Grandparenting practices around the world: Reshaping family (pp. 113–130). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447340645.003.0006
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Rula Kahil, Maleeha Iqbal, Neda Maghbouleh
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Refuge authors retain the copyright over their work, and license it to the general public under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License International (CC BY-NC 4.0). This license allows for non-commercial use, reproduction and adaption of the material in any medium or format, with proper attribution. For general information on Creative Commons licences, visit the Creative Commons site. For the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, review the human readable summary.