The Time Politics of Refugee Resettlement and Higher Education in the United States
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.41129Mots-clés :
Higher education for refugees, refugee resettlement, time politics, United StatesRésumé
Cet article met en lumière les expériences vécues dans le cadre des systèmes de réinstallation aux États-Unis et de leurs structures d’accueil et de non-accueil. Il est largement démontré que le cadre politique de ces systèmes complique l’accès à l’éducation supérieure pour les réfugiés. En s'appuyant sur des entretiens avec des résidents d'origine réfugiée et des prestataires de services de réinstallation, nous explorons la manière dont la politique américaine de réinstallation des réfugiés crée des obstacles à la poursuite d'études supérieures et à l'exercice d'une activité professionnelle en imposant aux réfugiés un régime temporel particulier qui les oblige à s'intégrer rapidement dans les marchés de l'emploi à faible revenu. Nous soutenons qu’une politique temporelle de la vitesse accélère le processus de réinstallation afin que les résidents arrivés en tant que réfugiés (Residents with Refugee Background) atteignent une autosuffisance économique rapide et discutons de ce que cela implique au niveau des politiques publiques.
Statistiques
Références
Anderson, B. (2010). Migration, immigration controls and the fashioning of precarious workers. Work, Employment and Society, 24(2), 300–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/09500170103621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017010362141
Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: A conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 166–191. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen016
Bandhauer, C. A. (2014, August 15). Lawfully unequal: Latinos, race and human rights [Conference paper]. American Sociological Society 109th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA.
Barber, P. G., & Lem, W. (Eds.). (2018). Migration, temporality, and capitalism: Entangled mobilities across global spaces. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72781-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72781-3_1
Birks, M., Chapman, Y., & Francis, K. (2008). Memoing in qualitative research: Probing data and processes. Journal of Research in Nursing, 13(1), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987107081254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987107081254
Brown, A., & Scribner, T. (2014). Unfulfilled promises, future possibilities: The refugee resettlement system in the United States. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 2(2), 101–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/233150241400200203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14240/jmhs.v2i2.27
Bruno, A. (2017). Reception and placement of refugees in the United States. Congressional Research Service. US Department of State, Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration. https://www.state.gov/refugee-admissions/reception-and-placement/
Buzzanell, P. M., & Goldzwig, S. R. (1991). Linear and nonlinear career models: Metaphors, paradigms, and ideologies. Management Communication Quarterly, 4(4), 466–505. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318991004004004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318991004004004
Cain, G. (1976). The challenge of segmented labour market theories to orthodox theory: A survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 14(4), 1215–1257. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2722547
Campbell, J. A., III. (2017). Attitudes towards refugee education and its link to xenophobia in the United States. Intercultural Education, 28(5), 474–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2017.1336374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2017.1336374
Cohen, E. F. (2011). Reconsidering US immigration reform: The temporal principle of citizenship. Perspectives on Politics, 9(3), 575–583. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41622822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592711002787
Cwerner, S. B. (2004). Faster, faster and faster: The time politics of asylum in the UK. Time & Society, 13(1), 71–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X04040747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X04040747
Dahya, N., & Dryden-Peterson, S. (2017). Tracing pathways to higher education for refugees: The role of virtual support networks and mobile phones for women in refugee camps. Comparative Education, 53(2), 284–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1259877 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2016.1259877
Darrow, J. H. (2015). Getting refugees to work: A street-level perspective of refugee resettlement policy. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 34(2), 78–106. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdv002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdv002
Darrow, J. H. (2018). Working it out in practice: Tensions embedded in the US refugee resettlement program resolved through implementation. In A. Garnier, L. Jubilut, & K. Sandvik (Eds.), Refugee resettlement: Power, politics and humanitarian governance (pp. 95–117). Berghahn Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvw04brz.8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvw04brz.8
Darrow, J. H., & Scholl, J. H. (2020). Chaos and confusion: Impacts of the Trump administration executive orders on the US refugee resettlement system. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 44(4), 362–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2020.1767745 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2020.1767745
Davis, J. H. (2018, September 17). Trump to cap refugees allowed into U.S. at 30,000, a record low. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/17/us/politics/trump-refugees-historic-cuts.html
DeMartino, L. (2021). De-centering the deficit framework: Courageous refugee mentors in educational spaces. The Urban Review, 53, 243–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-020-00579-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-020-00579-7
Dryden-Peterson, S. (2012). The politics of higher education for refugees in a global movement for primary education. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 27(2), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.34718 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.34718
Dubow, E. F., Boxer, P., & Huesmann, L. R. (2009). Long-term effects of parents’ education on children’s educational and occupational success: Mediation by family interactions, child aggression, and teenage aspirations. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 55(3), 224–249. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.0.0030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.0.0030
Fairclough, N. (2001). Critical discourse analysis as a method in social scientific research. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse analysis (pp. 122–136). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857028020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857028020
Fairclough, N. (2013). Critical discourse analysis and critical policy studies. Critical Policy Studies, 7(2), 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2013.798239 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2013.798239
Gee, J. P. (2014). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315819679 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315819679
Gonzalez Benson, O. (2016). Refugee resettlement policy in an era of neoliberalization: A policy discourse analysis of the Refugee Act of 1980. Social Service Review, 90(3), 515–549. https://doi.org/10.1086/688613 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/688613
Guild, B. (2017, November 1). What is extreme betting? Whitehouse outlines proposed immigration policy. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/news/what-is-extreme-vetting/
Hailu, M. F. (2020). Postsecondary schooling ideologies of Nepalese American families in the United States. New Directions for Higher Education, 191, 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/he.20379 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/he.20379
Halpern, P. (2008, November 16). Refugee economic self-sufficiency: An exploratory study of approaches used in office of refugee resettlement programs. US Department of Health and Human Services. https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/refugee-economic-self-sufficiency-exploratory-study-approaches-used-office-refugee-resettlement
Harrison, J. L., & Lloyd, S. E. (2012). Illegality at work: Deportability and the productive new era of immigration enforcement. Antipode, 44(2), 365–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00841.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00841.x
Hirano, E. (2014). Refugees in first-year college: Academic writing challenges and resources. Journal of Second Language Writing, 23, 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2014.01.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2014.01.001
Hmong Resettlement Task Force. (2005, February). Hmong resettlement task force: Report to Governor Doyle. State of Wisconsin. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjD-YX88-6BAxWFrYkEHVEcDd8QFnoECBEQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdm16119.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fapi%2Fcollection%2Fp267601coll4%2Fid%2F1341%2Fdownload&usg=AOvVaw0L_xAZAuAilFyiU4bomnQ2&opi=89978449
Kennedy, E. M. (1981). Refugee Act of 1980. International Migration Review, 15(1–2), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.2307/2545333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918381015001-217
Larsen, C. P. (2022). Dreams beyond safety: A critical qualitative investigation of the experiences of refugee students at two-year public colleges in Wisconsin [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Wisconsin—Madison]. The University of Wisconsin—Madison ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://www.proquest.com/openview/f732a4f702a580dee5a847b6eb311ab0/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Leinbach, K. (2018). Urban ecology: A natural way to transform kids, parks, cities, and the world. Morgan James Publishing.
Levinson, B., Sutton, M., & Winstead, T. (2009). Education policy as a practice of power: Theoretical tools, ethnographic methods, democratic options. Educational Policy, 23(6), 767–795. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904808320676 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904808320676
Lindsey, K. (2014, June). Access to education: Challenges and opportunities for immigrant students. First Focus and Center for the Children of Immigrants. https://firstfocus.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Education-Access-for-Immigrant-Students-2014-06-10-2.pdf
LIRS (Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service). (2009). The real cost of welcome: A financial analysis of local refugee reception.
Luu, D. H., & Blanco, G. L. (2021). Exploring US federal policy discourse on refugee access to post-secondary Education. Higher Education Policy, 34, 456–473. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-019-00144-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-019-00144-2
Majka, L., & Mullan, B. (2002). Ethnic communities and ethnic organizations reconsidered: South-East Asians and Eastern Europeans in Chicago. International Migration, 40(2), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00191
McBrien, J. L. (2005). Educational needs and barriers for refugee students in the United States: A review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 75(3), 329–364. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543075003329 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543075003329
Munn, N. D. (1992). The cultural anthropology of time: A critical essay. Annual Review of Anthropology, 21(1), 93–123. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.000521 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.000521
Ngai, M. M. (2014). Impossible subjects. Princeton University Press.
ORR (Office of Refugee Resettlement). (2012). The Refugee Act. US Department of Health and Human Service. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/policy-guidance/refugee-act
Portes, A., & Stepick, A. (1985). Unwelcome immigrants: The labor market experiences of 1980 (Mariel) Cuban and Haitian refugees in South Florida. American Sociological Review, 50(4), 493–514. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095435 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2095435
Rosenberg, M. (2018, February 14). Exclusive: Dozen of refugee resettlement offices to close as Trump downsizes program. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-refugees-exclusive/exclusive-dozens-of-refugee-resettlement-offices-to-close-as-trump-downsizes-program-idUSKCN1FY1EJ
Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15(1), 85–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X02239569 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X02239569
Saldaña, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage Publications.
Shaw, S. A., Funk, M., Garlock, E. S., & Arok, A. (2021). Understanding successful refugee resettlement in the US. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(4), 4034–4052. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa137
Shore, C. (2008). Audit culture and illiberal governance: Universities and the politics of accountability. Anthropological Theory, 8(3), 278–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499608093815 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499608093815
Shore, C., & Wright, S. (2003). Anthropology of policy: Perspectives on governance andpower. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203451038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203451038
Strang, A., & Ager, A. (2010). Refugee integration: Emerging trends and remaining agendas. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4), 589–607. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feq046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feq046
Streitwieser, B., Loo, B., Ohorodnik, M., & Jeong, J. (2019). Access for refugees into higher education: A review of interventions in North America and Europe. Journal of Studies in International Education, 23(4), 473–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315318813201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315318813201
Taubman, P., & Wachter, M. L. (1986). Segmented labor markets. In O. Ashenfelter & R. Layard (Eds.), Handbook of labor economics (pp. 1183–1217). Elsevier Science Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4463(86)02011-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4463(86)02011-4
Unangst, L., Casellas Connors, I., & Barone, N. (2022). State-based policy supports for refugee, asylee, and TPS-background students in US higher education. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 38(1), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40819 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40819
US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. (2010). Abandoned on arrival: Implications for refugees and local communities burdened by a US refugee system that is not working. US Printing Office.
Van Auken, P. M., Barron, E. S., Xiong, C., & Persson, C. (2016). “Like a second home”: Conceptualizing experiences within the Fox River Watershed through a framework of emplacement. Water, 8(8), Article 352. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080352
Van Auken, P., Hauser, O., Wolover, D. J., Lerch, B., Jackson, K., Son, J., Reed, S., & Crowley, C. (2019). Working through uncertainty: The perils and potential of community-engaged research on refugee resettlement. Social Sciences, 8(3), Article 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8030073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8030073
Wolfgram, M. (2020). Refugees and the audit culture of international higher education in the United States. New Directions for Higher Education, 2020(191), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/he.20382 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/he.20382
Wolfgram, M., & Vang, I. (2019). The time politics of higher education for refugees in the United States. Anthropology News, 60(3), e113–e117. https://doi.org/10.1111/AN.1180 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/AN.1180
Wolfgram, M., Vang, I., & Cohen, C. B. (2018, December). Documenting higher education for refugees in Wisconsin. Center for Research on College–Workforce Transitions. https://ccwt.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/CCWT_report_Documenting-Higher-Education-for-Refugees-in-Wisconsin.pdf
Yi, V., & Kiyama, J. M. (2018). Failed educational justice: Refugee students’ postsecondary realities in restrictive times. Association for the Study of Higher Education, National Institute for Transformation and Equity Report, & Lumina Foundation. https://nite-education.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Failed-Educational-Justice-FINAL-2.pdf
Zimmermann, W., & Tumlin, K. C. (1999). Patchwork policies: State assistance for immigrants under welfare reform (Occasional Paper Number 24). The Urban Institute. https://webarchive.urban.org/publications/309007.html
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
© Matthew Wolfgram, Paul Van Auken 2023
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.
Les auteurs qui publient dans Refuge conservent le droit d’auteur associé à leur œuvre, et octroient au public une licence Creative Commons Attribution - Utilisation non commerciale 4.0 International. La licence permet l’utilisation, la reproduction et l’adaptation du matériel avec attribution par tous moyens et sous tous formats pour des fins non commerciales. Pour des informations générales sur les licences Creative Commons, visitez le site Creative Commons. Pour la licence CC BY-NC 4.0, consultez le résumé lisible par l'homme.
