“It Was Like a Tsunami”: Challenges for Refugee Third-Sector Organizations at a Time of Repressive Asylum Policies

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.41450

Keywords:

Italy, United Kingdom, refugee third sector, knowledge exchange, state asylum policies, local sanctuary

Abstract

Based on an innovative method of knowledge exchange with two third-sector organizations working with asylum migrants in Newcastle, UK, and Parma, Italy, we examine how each has reoriented what they consider as sanctuary-building work in response to repressive state asylum policies. This includes focusing on language and communication due to increasingly troubling anti-migration discourses that make the once unspeakable now speakable in both countries. Second, in response to different local government politics, they have sought different relationships with local institutions: autonomy in Parma and collaboration in Newcastle. The conclusion discusses how autonomous third-sector initiatives have more potential to build long-term sanctuary than those pursued through institutional collaboration.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Cathrine Degnen, School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Great Britain

Cathrine Degnen is Professor of Social and Cultural Anthropology at Newcastle University, UK. She can be reached at cathrine.degnen@ncl.ac.uk.

Silvia Pasquetti, School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Great Britain

Silvia Pasquetti is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at Newcastle University. She can be reached at silvia.pasquetti@ncl.ac.uk.

Hannah Barnes, Amala Education

Hannah Barnes is a Fundraising Manager at Amala Education. She can be reached at hannahbarnes77@gmail.com.

Chiara Marchetti, Centre for Immigration Asylum and International Cooperation, Italy

Chiara Marchetti is project manager and researcher at CIAC (Centre for Immigration Asylum and International Cooperation, Italy). She can be reached at chiara.marchetti@ciaconlus.org.

Michele Rossi, Centre for Immigration Asylum and International Cooperation, Italy

Michele Rossi is Director of CIAC (Centre for Immigration Asylum and International Cooperation, Italy) and a social researcher. He can be reached at michele.rossi@ciaconlus.org.

References

Abma, T., Banks, S., Cook, T., Dias, S., Madsen, W., Springett, J., & Wright, M. T. (2019). Participatory research for health and social well-being. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93191-3

Ambrosini, M. (2021). The battleground of asylum and immigration policies: A conceptual inquiry. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 44(3), 374–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1836380

Ambrosini, M. (2025). The populist far-right paradox: The identification of the enemy and its exceptions in the immigration policies of the Meloni government in Italy. Comparative Migration Studies, 13, Article 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-025-00438-y

Ambrosini, M., & Marchetti, C. (2008). Cittadini possibili: Un nuovo approccio all’accoglienza e all’integrazione dei rifugiati. Franco Angeli.

Ataç, I., Schütze, T., & Reitter, V. (2020). Local responses in restrictive national policy contexts: Welfare provisions for non-removed rejected asylum seekers in Amsterdam, Stockholm, and Vienna. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 43(16), 155–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1723671

Atak, I., & Hudson, G. (2022). Montreal’s sanctuary policy for non-status migrants: Opportunity and obstacles. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 38(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40787

Bagelman, J. (2016). Sanctuary city: A suspended state. Palgrave Pivot. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137480385

Bartle, J., & Allen, N. (2025). An unpredictable pendulum: UK electoral dynamics in the twenty-first century. British Politics. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-025-ad00283-8

Bauder, H., & Darling, J. (Eds.). (2019). Sanctuary cities and urban struggles: Rescaling migration, citizenship, and rights. Manchester University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv18b5jr3

Bazurli, R., Campomori, F., & Casula, M. (2020). Shelter from the storm: Virtuous systems of urban asylum governance coping with Italy’s immigration crackdown. Politiche Sociali, 2, 201–224. https://doi.org/10.7389/97986

Bazurli, R., & De Graauw, E. (2023). Explaining variation in city sanctuary policies: Insights from American and European cities. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(14), 3649–3670. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2198811

Campomori, F., & Ambrosini, M. (2020). Multilevel governance in trouble: The implementation of asylum seekers’ reception in Italy as a battleground. Comparative Migration Studies, 8, Article 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-020-00178-1

Cantat, C. (2021). Refugee solidarity along the Balkan route. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(2), 1348–1369. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feab010

Caponio, T. (2018). Immigrant integration beyond national policies? Italian cities’ participation in European city networks. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(12), 2053–2069. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1341711

Caponio, T., & Borkert, M. (2010). The local dimension of migration policymaking. Amsterdam University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n0xg

Catt, H., & Nevitt, J. (2023, April 20). Migration bill: Home Secretary set to win powers to ignore European Court. BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-65331272

Central England Law Centre. (2022, December 15). Written evidence by the Central England Law Centre (ASU0080). https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/114373/pdf/#:~:text=The%20UNHCR%20has%20stated%20the,established%20international%20refugee%20protection%20system.

Cejudo, G., & Trein, F. (2023). Pathways to policy integration: A subsystem approach. Policy Science, 56, 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-022-09483-1

Chen, M. (2016). Trust in immigration enforcement: State non-cooperation and sanctuary cities after secure communities. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 91, 13–58. https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol91/iss1/3

Cusumano, E., & Villa, M. (2021). From “angels” to “vice smugglers”: The criminalization of sea rescue NGOs in Italy. The European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 27, 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-020-09464-1

Dennison, J., & Geddes, A. (2022). The centre no longer holds: The Lega, Matteo Salvini and the remaking of Italian immigration politics. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48, 441-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1853907

Edwards, C. W., & Wisthaler, V. (2023). The power of symbolic sanctuary: Insights from Wales on the limitations and potential of a regional approach to sanctuary. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(14), 3602–3628. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2198809

Holland, D. (2025, June 23). Newcastle council leader backs end to asylum seeker hotels and calls for city to have more powers. Chronicle Live. https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/asylum-seeker-hotels-newcastle-council-31894542

Koening-Archibugi, M. (2020). Who are the people? Defining the demos in the measurement of democracy. Political Studies, 70(2), 402–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720966481

Krzyżanowski, M., Triandafyllidou, A., & Wodak, R. (2018). The mediatization and the politicization of the “refugee crisis” in Europe. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 16(1–2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2017.1353189

Lenette, C., Stavropoulou, N., Nunn, C., Kon, S. T., Cook, T., Coddington, K., & Banks, S. (2019). Brushed under the carpet: Examining the complexities of participatory research. Research for All, 3(2), 161–179. https://doi.org/10.18546/RFA.03.2.04

Lippert, R., & Rehaag, S. (2010). Introduction: Sanctuary in context. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 26(1), 3–6. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.30601

Lippert, R., & Rehaag, S. (Eds). (2013). Sanctuary practices in international perspective: Migration, citizenship, and social movements. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203128947

Marchetti, C. (2019). Cities of exclusion: Are local authorities refusing asylum seekers? In M. Ambrosini, M. Cinalli, & D. Jacobson (Eds)., Migration, borders, and citizenship: Between policy and public spheres (pp. 237–263). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22157-7

Marchetti, C. (2024). Uno piu’ uno non fa due: Promuovere comunita’ interculturali, il Community Matching tra rifugiati e italiani. EditPress.

Marfleet, P. (2011). Understanding “sanctuary”: Faith and traditions of asylum. Journal of Refugee Studies, 24(3), 440–455. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fer040

Mayblin, L., & James, P. (2018). Asylum and refugee support in the UK: Civil society filling the gaps? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(3), 375–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1466695

McNamee, M. S., & Casciani, D. (2023, March 7). Small boats: Sunak to outline plan to stop migrant crossings. BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-64871193

Mitlin, D., Bennett, J., Horn, P., King, S., Makau, J., & Nyama, G. (2020). Knowledge matters: The potential contribution of the coproduction of research. The European Journal of Development Research, 32, 544–559. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-020-00277-w

Mourão Permoser, J., & Bauböck, R. (2023). Spheres of sanctuary: Introduction to special issue. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(14), 3549–3565. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2198806

Neville, J. (2023, March 2). Newcastle City Council pledges to join local groups in fighting anti-refugee laws. North East Bylines. https://northeastbylines.co.uk/newcastle-city-council-pledges-to-join-local-groups-in-fighting-anti-refugee-laws/

Newcastle City Council. (2023). Newcastle City of Sanctuary council strategy. https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Newcastle%20City%20of%20Sanctuary%20Council%20Strategy.pdf

Newcastle City Council Scrutiny Task and Finish Group. (2022). Housing conditions for refugees and asylum seekers in Newcastle: Final report and recommendations. https://democracy.newcastle.gov.uk/documents/s184473/Housing%20for%20Asylum%20Seekers%20and%20Refugees%20Scrutiny%20Task%20Finish%20Group%20Final%20Report.pdf

Oomen, B., Baumgärtel, M., Miellet, S., Durmus, E., & Sabchev, T. (2021). Strategies of divergenge: Local authorities, law, and discretionary spaces in migration governance. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(4), 3608–3628. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feab062

Pasquetti, S., Casati, N., & Sanyal, R. (2019). Law and refugee crises. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 15, 289–310. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101518-042609

Patel, P. (2020). Priti Patel—2020 speech at Conservative Party Conference. UKPOL.CO.UK. https://www.ukpol.co.uk/priti-patel-2020-speech-at-conservative-party-conference/

Perla, H., & Coutin, S. B. (2012). Legacies and origins of the 1980s US–Central America sanctuary movement. In R. Lippert & S. Rehaag (Eds.), Sanctuary practices in international perspective: Migration, citizenship, and social movements (pp. 73–91). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203128947

Salamon, M. L., & Sokolowski, S. W. (2016). Beyond non-profits: Reconceptualizing the third sector. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 27, 1515–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9726-z

Schammann, H., Gluns, D., Heimann, C., Müller, S., Wittchen, T., Younso, C., & Ziegler, F. (2021). Defining and transforming local migration policies: A conceptual approach backed by evidence from Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(2), 2897–2915. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2021.1902792

Scholten, P. W. (2013). Agenda dynamics and the multi-level governance of intractable policy controversies: The case of migrant integration policies in the Netherlands. Policy Sciences, 46(3), 217–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-012-9170-x

Semprebon, M., Marzorati, R., & Bonizzoni. P. (2023). Migration governance and the role of the third sector in small-sized towns in Italy. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(11), 2742–2759. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2029377

Simpson, A. (2007). On ethnographic refusal: Indigeneity, “voice” and colonial citizenship. Junctures: The Journal for Thematic Dialogue, 9, 67–80. https://junctures.org/index.php/junctures/article/view/66

Spencer, S. (2018). Multi-level governance of an intractable policy problem: Migrants with irregular status in Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(12), 2034–2052. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1341708

Squire, V., & Darling, J. (2013). The “minor” politics of rightful presence: Justice and relationality in the city of sanctuary. International Political Sociology, 7(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12009

Syal, R. (2021, October 12). Priti Patel’s Borders Bill “breaches international and domestic law.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/12/priti-patel-borders-bill-breaches-law-human-rights

Syal, E. (2025, May 12). UK risks becoming “island of strangers” without more immigration curbs, Starmer says. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/12/uk-risks-becoming-island-of-strangers-without-more-immigration-curbs-starmer-says

Taylor, A. (2020). Domopolitics, citizenship, and dissent: An analysis of “crimes of solidarity” and hospitality in contemporary France. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 33, 495–512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-020-09355-7

Taylor, P. J. (2002). Relocating the demos? In J. Anderson (Ed.), Transnational democracy: Political spaces and border crossings (pp. 250–258). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203464427

UNHCR. (2021–2022). The Nationality and Borders Bill. https://www.unhcr.org/uk/nationality-and-borders-bill

Zapata-Barrero, R., Caponio, T., & Scholten, P. (2017). Theorizing the “local turn” in a multi-level governance framework of analysis: A case study in immigrant policies. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 83(2), 241–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523166884

Published

2025-11-06

How to Cite

Degnen, C., Pasquetti, S., Barnes, H., Marchetti, C., & Rossi, M. (2025). “It Was Like a Tsunami”: Challenges for Refugee Third-Sector Organizations at a Time of Repressive Asylum Policies. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 41(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.41450

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.