“More Important than COVID-19”: Temporary Visas and Compounding Vulnerabilities for Health and Well-Being from the COVID-19 Pandemic for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Australia

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40840

Keywords:

temporary visas, mental health, refugee, asylum seeker, COVID-19

Abstract

Refugees and asylum seekers on temporary visas typically experience interacting issues related to employment, financial precarity, and poor health and well-being. This research aimed to explore whether these issues were exacerbated by the social impacts of COVID-19. Interviews were conducted both prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic with 15 refugees and asylum seekers living in South Australia on temporary visas. While this research found that COVID-19 did lead to a range of negative health and other outcomes such as employment challenges, a key finding was the reiteration of temporary visas as a primary pathway through which refugees and asylum seekers experience heightened precarity and the associated pervasive negative health and well-being outcomes. The findings emphasize the importance of immigration and welfare policy.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Moira Walsh, Flinders University

Moira Walsh is an Early Career Researcher in the Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University. She can be reached at moira.walsh@flinders.edu.au

Clemence Due, University of Adelaide

Clemence Due is an Associate Professor in Psychology at the University of Adelaide. She can be reached at clemence.due@adelaide.edu.au

Anna Ziersch, Flinders University

Anna Ziersch is an Associate Professor in the Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University. She can be reached at anna.ziersch@flinders.edu.au

References

Ahonen, E. Q., Benavides, F. G., & Benach, J. (2007). Immigrant populations, work and health—A systematic literature review. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 33(2), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1112

Amerijckx, G., & Humblet, P. C. (2014). Child well‐being: What does it mean? Children & Society, 28(5), 404–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12003

Anderson, B. (2010). Migration, immigration controls and the fashioning of precarious workers. Work, Employment and Society, 24(2), 300–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017010362141

Australian Red Cross. (2020). COVID-19 impacts us all: Ensuring the safety and well-being of people on temporary visas during COVID-19. https://www.redcross.org.au/globalassets/corporatecms-migration/publications-research--reports/australian-red-cross-covid-19-tempvisa-report-web.pdf

Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., & Muntaner, C. (2014). Precarious employment: Understanding an emerging social determinant of health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35, 229–253. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182500

Blythe, R., Clarke, J., Connell, T., Wallace, J., & Woods, C. (2018). States of refuge: Access to health, housing and education for people seeking asylum and refugees in Australia. Liberty Victoria’s Rights Advocacy Project.

Bogic, M., Njoku, A., & Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: A systematic literature review. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 15, Article 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-015-0064-9

Carleton, R. N., Fetzner, M. G., Hackl, J. L., & McEvoy, P. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty as a contributor to fear and avoidance symptoms of panic attacks. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42(4), 328–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2013.792100

Colic-Peisker, V., & Tilbury, F. (2007). Refugees and employment: The effect of visible difference on discrimination. Centre for Social and Community Research, Murdoch University. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/10991

Davidson, H. (2019, October 8). Australia on track for record number of asylum seekers arriving by plane, Labor says. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/oct/08/australia-on-track-for-record-number-of-asylum-seekers-arriving-by-plane

De Nardi, S., & Phillips, M. (2021). The plight of racialised minorities during a pandemic: Migrants and refugees in Italy and Australia. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 41(1), 98-111. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-08-2020-0248

Dempster, H., Ginn, T., Graham, J., Guerrero Ble, M., Jaysainghe, D., & Shorey, B. (2020, July 8). Locked down and left behind: The impact of COVID-19 on refugees’ economic inclusion. Center for Global Development, Refugees International, and International Rescue Committee. https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2020/7/6/locked-down-and-left-behind-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-refugees-economic-inclusion

Department of Home Affairs. (n.d.). Visa statistics—Statistical information on visit, study, work, migration and humanitarian visas. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-statistics/statistics/visa-statistics/live/humanitarian-program

Department of Home Affairs. (2020a, June 30). Illegal maritime arrivals on Bridging E visa. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/illegal-maritime-arrivals-bve-31-mar-2021.pdf

Department of Home Affairs. (2020b). Status resolution service. https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/what-we-do/status-resolution-service/status-resolution-support-services

Edwards, A. (2003). Tampering with refugee protection: The case of Australia. International Journal of Refugee Law, 15(2), 192–211. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/15.2.192

Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in Western countries: A systematic review. Lancet, 365(9467), 1309–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61027-6

Funk, M., Drew, N., & Knapp, M. (2012). Mental health, poverty and development. Journal of Public Mental Health, 11(4), 166–185. https://doi.org/10.1108/17465721211289356

Gentes, E. L., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 923–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.001

Hargreaves, S., Rustage, K., Nellums, L. B., McAlpine, A., Pocock, N., Devakumar, D., Aldridge, R. W., Abubakar, I., Kristensen, K. L., Himmels, J. W., Friedland, J. S., & Zimmerman, C. (2019). Occupational health outcomes among international migrant workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Global Health, 7(7), E872–E882. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109x(19)30204-9

Hartley, L., & Fleay, C. (2017). “We are like animals”: Negotiating dehumanising experiences of asylum-seeker policies in the Australian community. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 36(4), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdx010

Hollifield, M., Warner, T. D., Lian, N., Krakow, B., Jenkins, J. H., Kesler, J., Stevenson, J., & Westermeyer, J. (2002). Measuring trauma and health status in refugees: A critical review. JAMA, 288(5), 611–621. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.5.611

Hynie, M. (2018). The social determinants of refugee mental health in the post-migration context: A critical review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(5), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743717746666

Johnston, V., Allotey, P., Mulholland, K., & Markovic, M. (2009). Measuring the health impact of human rights violations related to Australian asylum policies and practices: A mixed methods study. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 9, Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-9-1

Júnior, J. G., de Sales, J. P., Moreira, M. M., Pinheiro, W. R., Lima, C. K. T., & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). A crisis within the crisis: The mental health situation of refugees in the world during the 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 288, Article 113000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113000

Kaldor, A., & Kaldor, R. (2020). Temporary protection visas (TPVs) and safe haven enterprise visas (SHEVs). Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law. https://www.kaldorcentre.unsw.edu.au/sites/kaldorcentre.unsw.edu.au/files/Factsheet_TPVSHEV_Apr2019.pdf

Kenny, M. A., Procter, N., & Grech, C. (2016). Mental health and legal representation for asylum seekers in the “legacy caseload.” Cosmopolitan Civil Societies—An Interdisciplinary Journal, 8(2), 84–103. https://doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v8i2.4976

Lund, C., Breen, A., Flisher, A. J., Kakuma, R., Corrigall, J., Joska, J. A., & Patel, V. (2010). Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 71(3), 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.027

Marmot, M. (2002). The influence of income on health: Views of an epidemiologist. Health Affairs, 21(2), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.31

Marston, G. (2003). Temporary protection, permanent uncertainty: The experience of refugees living on temporary protection visas. Centre for Applied Social Research.

McAdam, J., & Garcia, T. (2009, June 10). Submission on refugees and asylum seekers: Submission to the national human rights consultation. University of New South Wales, Faculty of Law.

Miller, A., Hess, J. M., Bybee, D., & Goodkind, J. R. (2018). Understanding the mental health consequences of family separation for refugees: Implications for policy and practice. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000272

Newland, K. (2020). Lost in transition. Science, 368(6489), 343. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc3197

Newnham, E. A., Pearman, A., Olinga-Shannon, S., & Nickerson, A. (2019). The mental health effects of visa insecurity for refugees and people seeking asylum: A latent class analysis. International Journal of Public Health, 64(5), 763–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-019-01249-6

Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Steel, Z., Silove, D., & Brooks, R. (2010). The impact of fear for family on mental health in a resettled Iraqi refugee community. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(4), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.08.006

Nickerson, A., Byrow, Y., O’Donnell, M., Mau, V., McMahon, T., Pajak, R., Li, S., Hamilton, A., Minihan, S., Liu, C., Bryant, R. A., Berle, D., & Liddell, B. J. (2019). The association between visa insecurity and mental health, disability and social engagement in refugees living in Australia. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), Article 1688129. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1688129

Oglesby, M. E., Boffa, J. W., Short, N. A., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016). Intolerance of uncertainty as a predictor of post-traumatic stress symptoms following a traumatic event. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 41, 82–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.01.005

Oglesby, M. E., Gibby, B. A., Mathes, B. M., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017). Intolerance of uncertainty and post-traumatic stress symptoms: An investigation within a treatment seeking trauma-exposed sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 72, 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.08.011

Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 294(5), 602–612. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.5.602

Rees, S., & Fisher, J. (2020). COVID-19 and the mental health of people from refugee backgrounds. International Journal of Health Services, 50(4), 415–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731420942475

Refugee Council of Australia. (2017). State of the nation: Refugees and people seeking asylum in Australia. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/state-nation-2017/

Reilly, A. (2016). Asylum seekers in the community: The importance of work for a decent life. Australian Journal of Human Rights, 22(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1323-238X.2016.11882156

Reilly, A. (2018). The vulnerability of safe haven enterprise visa holders: Balancing work, protection and future prospects. University of New South Wales Law Journal, 41(3), 871–900. https://doi.org/10.53637/RQMP8264

Ritchie, J., & Spencer, L. (1994). Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. In A. Bryman & R. G. Burgess (Eds.), Analyzing qualitative data (pp. 173–194). Routledge.

Savic, M., Chur‐Hansen, A., Mahmood, M. A., & Moore, V. (2013). Separation from family and its impact on the mental health of Sudanese refugees in Australia: A qualitative study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 37(4), 383–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12088

Steel, Z., Momartin, S., Silove, D., Coello, M., Aroche, J., & Tay, K. W. (2011). Two year psychosocial and mental health outcomes for refugees subjected to restrictive or supportive immigration policies. Social Science & Medicine, 72(7), 1149–1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.007

Syed, I. U. (2016). Labor exploitation and health inequities among market migrants: A political economy perspective. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 17(2), 449–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-015-0427-z

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (1951). The refugee convention, 1951. https://www.unhcr.org/4ca34be29.pdf

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2020). What is a refugee? https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-facts/what-is-a-refugee/

van Barneveld, K., Quinlan, M., Kriesler, P., Junor, A., Baum, F., Chowdhury, A., Junankar, P. R., Clibborn, S., Flanagan, F., Wright, C. F., Friel, S., Halevi, J., & Rainnie, A. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons on building more equal and sustainable societies. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 31(2), 133–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035304620927107

van Kooy, J. (2020, July). COVID-19 and humanitarian migrants on temporary visas: Assessing the public costs. Refugee Council of Australia. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/COVID-19-van-Kooy-.pdf

van Kooy, J., & Bowman, D. (2019). “Surrounded with so much uncertainty”: Asylum seekers and manufactured precarity in Australia. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(5), 693–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1427563

World Health Organization. (1946). Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference.

Ziersch, A., Walsh, M., Due, C., & Reilly, A. (2021). Temporary refugee and migration visas in Australia: An occupational health and safety hazard. International Journal of Health Services, 51(4), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731420980688

Published

2022-04-29

How to Cite

Walsh, M., Due, C., & Ziersch, A. (2022). “More Important than COVID-19”: Temporary Visas and Compounding Vulnerabilities for Health and Well-Being from the COVID-19 Pandemic for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Australia. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 38(1), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40840

Similar Articles

<< < 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.